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Large Language Models (LLMs)

What they are:
Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced artificial intelligence systems trained on vast amounts of text to understand, generate, and reason with human language. They use deep learning architectures to identify patterns, relationships, and context within language, enabling them to perform tasks such as answering questions, summarizing information, drafting content, and supporting complex analysis. LLMs do not possess understanding or intent in a human sense; rather, they operate by predicting the most probable next words based on learned data. As foundational models, LLMs serve as the core intelligence behind many modern AI applications, powering tools that enhance research, productivity, communication, and decision-making across industries. 


Key characteristics

  • Predict and generate text
  • Do not have intent or goals on their own
  • Serve as the “brain” behind many AI tools
     

Examples

  • OpenAI GPT-4 / GPT-4.1 / GPT-5.2
  • Google Gemini
  • Anthropic Claude
  • Meta LLaMA
  • Mistral AI Mistral
     

In simple terms:
LLMs are engines, not finished products (cars).

Which LLM to choose

  

Most people use the wrong AI for the wrong task. 

🤓 Above is the ultimate cheat sheet !


1 - Search (Web Browsing) 

Finds real-time info with sources. 

☑︎ Best AI: Perplexity 

Prompt: "Find latest UK inflation figures." 


2 - Deep Research 

Multi-step synthesis with citations. 

☑︎ Best AI: Gemini 2.5 

Prompt: "Analyse top trends in B2B SaaS marketing for 2025." 


3 - Vision – Image Input & Generation 

Upload and analyse or generate images. 

☑︎ Best AI: ChatGPT-5 

Prompt: "Analyse this chart for trends." 


4 - Vision – Video Input & Generation 

Upload, analyse, or generate video content. 

☑︎ Best AI: Gemini 2.5 

Prompt: "Summarise key scenes in this marketing video." 


5 - Camera Mode 

Guides you live via device camera. 

☑︎ Best AI: Google AI Studio 

Prompt: "Help me fix this Excel formula." 


6 - Voice Mode 

Hands-free voice conversation. 

☑︎ Best AI: ChatGPT-5 

Prompt: "Summarise the news while I drive." 


7 - File Uploads 

Summarises, answers questions on docs. 

☑︎ Best AI: Claude Opus 4.1 

Prompt: "Summarise this 80-page strategy deck." 


8 - Data Analysis (Code Interpreter) 

Cleans, analyses, and visualises data. 

☑︎ Best AI: Claude Opus 4.1 

Prompt: "Plot sales from this CSV." 


9 - Canvas (Collaborative Workspace) 

Live co-writing or coding. 

☑︎ Best AI: Claude Opus 4.1 

Prompt: "Create a landing page mock-up." 


10 - Memory (opt-in) 

Remembers facts you set. 

☑︎ Best AI: ChatGPT-5 

Prompt: "Remember my preferred writing style." 


11 - Custom Instructions 

Sets tone and style for all chats. 

☑︎ Best AI: ChatGPT-5 

Prompt: "Always use concise bullet points." 


12 - Projects 

Groups related chats & files. 

☑︎ Best AI: Claude Opus 4.1 

Prompt: "Organise all Bootcamp launch materials." 


13 - Scheduled Tasks (Automations) 

Sends reminders or runs actions. 

☑︎ Best AI: Perplexity 

Prompt: "Remind me every Monday at 8am." 


14 - Custom GPTs 

Builds niche AI assistants. 

☑︎ Best AI: ChatGPT-5 

Prompt: "Create a GPT that writes sales emails." 


15 - Agent Mode 

Executes tasks from research to booking. 

☑︎ Best AI: Perplexity 

Prompt: "Plan my Tokyo trip with itinerary." 


16 - Connectors 

Links your LLM to external apps. 

☑︎ Best AI: Claude Opus 4.1 

Prompt: "Connect to my CRM and summarise latest sales pipeline." 


17 - Study and Learn Mode 

Guides you through lessons, quizzes, and deep understanding. 

☑︎ Best AI: Gemini 2.5 

Prompt: "Teach me intermediate Python with exercises and feedback." 

Many expect an AI bubble.

Fewer realize there are already contenders for what comes next.


The LLM backlash is getting louder. And the question behind it is simple: 

"did we build an AI bubble on the wrong foundation"?


The magic of LLMs is undeniable. But so are the cracks.

  • Hallucinations delivered with confidence.
  • Reasoning that buckles as soon as you push it.
  • Training costs that stretch into the billions.
  • Models built on data scraped from the unfiltered chaos of the internet.


The hype cycle is starting to turn.


Investors, founders, and researchers are quietly asking the same thing:

If this is the peak of the LLM wave, what comes after it?


Three emerging approaches offer clues.


1. World models — AI that predicts reality, not just text

World models do not guess the next word.

  • They simulate the next moment.
  • They build internal models of objects, motion, and consequences.
  • They reduce hallucinations because they follow the logic of the world, not the logic of language.

This is why they are becoming the backbone of robotics and agentic systems.


2. Causal AI — AI that understands cause and effect

While LLMs learn surface patterns, causal AI learns why things happen.

It can answer:

  • What caused an outcome.
  • What to change.
  • What action will work next.

It generalizes better, breaks less under distribution shifts, and explains its reasoning.

This makes it powerful for decisions where mistakes are expensive.


3. System 1 / System 2 architectures — intuition plus deliberate reasoning

LLMs today behave like System 1: fast, instinctive, improvisational.

The next step is adding System 2:

  1. Slow, structured reasoning layered on top.
  2. Draft, then verify.
  3. Idea, then logic.
  4. Speed, then discipline.

It is early research, but it could dramatically reduce errors without losing creativity.


LLMs will not vanish.

But the next decade will not be defined by scaling language models endlessly.

It will be defined by architectures that can reason, predict, and explain.

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